Why does the variable y fail to include the local variable x from the function?

The reason the variable y fails to include the local variable x from the function is that local variables are specific to the scope in which they are defined. When a variable is declared as local within a function, it is only accessible within that function. This means that any attempt to reference that local variable from outside the function, such as from another variable or function, will result in an inability to access it.

Local variables provide encapsulation, ensuring that they do not interfere with other parts of the program. This scoped visibility is essential for maintaining organized code and preventing unintentional modifications to data across different parts of a program. In this case, since y is trying to access x but x is declared locally within a specific function, y cannot reference x, leading to the conclusion that local variables cannot be referenced outside their defining function's scope.